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PHILIP SELZNICK
Every structure has a set of basic needs and develop systematic means of
self-defense. Observable organizational behaviour is a response to
specified need. Philip Selznick says that formal structure can never
succeed in conquering the non-rational dimensions of organizational
behaviour. Organizations have to adapt, and, adaptation results in
structural transformation. Discretionary action is taken in the name of
the organization as a whole. The formal authority may fail to reflect the
true balance of power. Cooperation which results in an actual sharing of
power will tend to operate informally. All formal organizations are
moulded by forces attached to their rationally ordered structures and
stated goals.
However, the individuals within the system tend to resist being treated as
means. They interact as wholes, bringing to bear their own special
problems and purposes. Therefore, organizations are subject to pressure
from its environment.
It follows that there will develop informal structure and informal lines
of communication. The informal structure will build in relation to the
formal structure. Where policy becomes institutionalized as doctrine,
unanalyzed elements will persist, and effective behaviour will be framed
in terms of immediate necessities. Moreover, to be institutionalized is to
be infused with values beyond the technical requirements of the task at
hand, according to Selznick.
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